The practical application of the present sensor was displayed by determining protamine in blood serum. Furthermore, the selective determination of protamine was achieved in the presence of heparin and other common interferents using Ag-GQDs. In an attempt to address this clinical problem, we developed low molecular. While adding each 10 ng mL −1 protamine to Ag-GQDs, the emission intensity at 451 nm increases linearly with a correlation coefficient of 0.9910 and the limit of detection was found to be 0.05 × 10 −9 g mL −1 (S/N = 3). Protamine employed in heparin reversal, however, can cause severe adverse reactions. In this chapter, the composition of different PCC brands is reviewed and a negative effect of heparin. Haemorrhage in surgical patients receiving anticoagulants is a major concern. Direct-acting coagulants include sodium citrate, which is used for stabilizing blood during its conservation. Upon reaction, it inactivates heparin by forming an insoluble complex. On the other hand, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of Ag-GQDs at 411 nm decreased and a new peak appeared at 520 nm after the addition of protamine. PCC a general antidote for oral anticoagulation. A heparin antagonist used for heparin overdose is protamin, a mixture of proteins that are isolated from fish sperm. The obtained color change is due to an increase in the Ag-GQD size from 9 to 15 nm which was confirmed by HR-TEM studies. The yellow colour of the Ag-GQD containing heparin immediately turns red while adding 100 ng mL −1 protamine. The present study reports the sensitive and selective determination of protamine in the presence of heparin by colorimetric, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods using GQD capped silver nanoparticles (Ag-GQDs) for the first time. Since the administration of protamine is associated with different side effects its accurate determination is essential in the presence of heparin. But, the determination of protamine in the presence of heparin by optical methods has not been reported so far. The determination of the polyanionic drug heparin has been reported in the literature by using various spectral techniques at the expense of the polycationic drug protamine.
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